Robert Roach, PhD

Publications

• Bourdillon N, Subudhi AW, Fan JL, Evero O, Elliott JE, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: effects of 16 days acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia on muscle oxygen extraction during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2023 Oct 1;135(4):823-832. PubMed PMID: 37589059
• Forbes LM, Bull TM, Lahm T, Lawley JS, Hunter K, Levine BD, Lovering A, Roach RC, Subudhi AW, Cornwell WK 3rd. Right Ventricular Response to Acute Hypoxia among Healthy Humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Aug 1;208(3):333-336. PubMed PMID: 37311248
• Xu P, Chen C, Zhang Y, Dzieciatkowska M, Brown BC, Zhang W, Xie T, Abdulmalik O, Song A, Tong C, Qi H, Roach R, Kellems RE, D'Alessandro A, Xia Y. Erythrocyte transglutaminase-2 combats hypoxia and chronic kidney disease by promoting oxygen delivery and carnitine homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2022 Feb 1;34(2):299-316.e6. PubMed PMID: 35108516
• DiMarco KG, Beasley KM, Shah K, Speros JP, Elliott JE, Laurie SS, Duke JW, Goodman RD, Futral JE, Hawn JA, Roach RC, Lovering AT. No effect of patent foramen ovale on acute mountain sickness and pulmonary pressure in normobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 2022 Feb;107(2):122-132. PubMed PMID: 34907608
• Strengthening Altitude Knowledge: A Delphi Study to Define Minimum Knowledge of Altitude Illness for Laypersons Traveling to High Altitude. Berendsen RR, Bärtsch P, Basnyat B, Berger MM, Hackett P, Luks AM, Richalet JP, Zafren K, Kayser B; STAK Plenary Group. High Alt Med Biol. 2022 Dec;23(4):330-337. doi: 10.1089/ham.2022.0083. Epub 2022 Oct 6. PMID: 36201281
• Xu P, Chen C, Zhang Y, Dzieciatkowska M, Brown BC, Zhang W, Xie T, Abdulmalik O, Song A, Tong C, Qi H, Roach R, Kellems RE, D'Alessandro A, Xia Y. Erythrocyte transglutaminase-2 combats hypoxia and chronic kidney disease by promoting oxygen delivery and carnitine homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2022 Feb 1;34(2):299-316.e6. PubMed PMID: 35108516
• DiMarco KG, Beasley KM, Shah K, Speros JP, Elliott JE, Laurie SS, Duke JW, Goodman RD, Futral JE, Hawn JA, Roach RC, Lovering AT. No effect of patent foramen ovale on acute mountain sickness and pulmonary pressure in normobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 2022 Feb;107(2):122-132. PubMed PMID: 34907608
• Roach R. The Experts Speak: An Interview with Dr. Ben Levine. High Alt Med Biol. 2021 Mar;22(1):1-2. PubMed PMID: 32721247
• Subudhi AW, Evero O, Reitinger J, Davis C, Gronewold J, Nichols AJ, Van-Houten SJ, Roach RC. Combined methazolamide and theophylline improves oxygen saturation but not exercise performance or altitude illness in acute hypobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 2021 Jan;106(1):117-125. PubMed PMID: 32363610
• High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 6th Edition (2021). Luks, A; Ainslie P; Lawley J; Roach RC; and Simonson T. CRC Press.
• Subudhi AW, Evero O, Reitinger J, Davis C, Gronewold J, Nichols AJ, Van-Houten SJ, Roach RC. Combined methazolamide and theophylline improves oxygen saturation but not exercise performance or altitude illness in acute hypobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 2021 Jan;106(1):117-125. doi: 10.1113/EP088461. Epub 2020 May 26. PMID: 32363610.
• Bourdillon N, Yazdani S, Vesin JM, Subudhi AW, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity During Acclimatization to 5,260 m: A Comparison of Methods. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1505. PubMed PMID: 31920710
• Roach R. Acclimatization matters. Current Opinion in Physiology 2019;7:49-52.
• Petrassi FA, Davis JT, Beasley KM, Evero O, Elliott JE, Goodman RD, Futral JE, Subudhi A, Solano-Altamirano JM, Goldman S, Roach RC, Lovering AT. AltitudeOmics: effect of reduced barometric pressure on detection of intrapulmonary shunt, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, and total pulmonary resistance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 May 1;124(5):1363-1376. PubMed PMID: 29357511
• Chicco AJ, Le CH, Gnaiger E, Dreyer HC, Muyskens JB, D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Hocker AD, Prenni JE, Wolfe LM, Sindt NM, Lovering AT, Subudhi AW, Roach RC. Adaptive remodeling of skeletal muscle energy metabolism in high-altitude hypoxia: Lessons from AltitudeOmics. J Biol Chem. 2018 May 4;293(18):6659-6671. PubMed PMID: 29540485
• Roach RC, Hackett PH, Oelz O, Bärtsch P, Luks AM, MacInnis MJ, Baillie JK. The 2018 Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score. High Alt Med Biol. 2018 Mar;19(1):4-6. PubMed PMID: 29583031
• Bourdillon N, Yazdani S, Subudhi AW, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Vesin JM, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: Baroreflex Sensitivity During Acclimatization to 5,260 m. Front Physiol. 2018;9:767. PubMed PMID: 29977210
• Acclimatization Matters Roach, RC Current Opinion in Physiology Volume 7, February 2019, Pages 49-52
• Nemkov T, Sun K, Reisz JA, Song A, Yoshida T, Dunham A, Wither MJ, Francis RO, Roach RC, Dzieciatkowska M, Rogers SC, Doctor A, Kriebardis A, Antonelou M, Papassideri I, Young CT, Thomas TA, Hansen KC, Spitalnik SL, Xia Y, Zimring JC, Hod EA, D'Alessandro A. Hypoxia modulates the purine salvage pathway and decreases red blood cell and supernatant levels of hypoxanthine during refrigerated storage. Haematologica. 2018 Feb;103(2):361-372. PubMed PMID: 29079593
• Roach RC, Wagner PD, Ainslie PN, Hackett PH. Translation in Progress: Hypoxia 2017. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Oct 1;123(4):922-925. PubMed PMID: 29025903
• Sun K, Liu H, Song A, Manalo JM, D'Alessandro A, Hansen KC, Kellems RE, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR, Roach RC, Xia Y. Erythrocyte purinergic signaling components underlie hypoxia adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Oct 1;123(4):951-956. PubMed PMID: 28572494
• Song A, Zhang Y, Han L, Yegutkin GG, Liu H, Sun K, D'Alessandro A, Li J, Karmouty-Quintana H, Iriyama T, Weng T, Zhao S, Wang W, Wu H, Nemkov T, Subudhi AW, Jameson-Van Houten S, Julian CG, Lovering AT, Hansen KC, Zhang H, Bogdanov M, Dowhan W, Jin J, Kellems RE, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn M, Roach RC, Xia Y. Erythrocytes retain hypoxic adenosine response for faster acclimatization upon re-ascent. Nat Commun. 2017 Feb 7;8:14108. PubMed PMID: 28169986
• Robinson JC, Abbott C, Meadows CA, Roach RC, Honigman B, Bull TM. Long-Term Health Outcomes in High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension. High Alt Med Biol. 2017 Mar;18(1):61-66. PubMed PMID: 28061144
• Petrassi FA, Davis JT, Beasley KM, Evero O, Elliott JE, Goodman RD, Futral JE, Subudhi AW, Solano-Altamirano JM, Goldman S, Roach RC, Lovering AT. AltitudeOmics: Effect of reduced barometric pressure on detection of intrapulmonary shunt, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, and total pulmonary resistance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29357511
• Reno E, Brown TL, Betz ME, Allen MH, Hoffecker L, Reitinger J, Roach R, Honigman B. Suicide and High Altitude: An Integrative Review. High Alt Med Biol. 2017 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29161114
• Nemkov T, Sun K, Reisz JA, Yoshida T, Dunham A, Wen EY, Wen AQ, Roach RC, Hansen KC, Xia Y, D'Alessandro A. Metabolism of Citrate and Other Carboxylic Acids in Erythrocytes As a Function of Oxygen Saturation and Refrigerated Storage. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017;4:175. PubMed PMID: 29090212
• Robinson JC, Abbott C, Meadows CA, Roach RC, Honigman B, Bull TM. Long-Term Health Outcomes in High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension. High Alt Med Biol. 2017 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28061144
• Davis C, Reno E, Maa E, Roach R. History of Migraine Predicts Headache at High Altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2016 Dec;17(4):300-304. PubMed PMID: 27788038
• D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Sun K, Liu H, Song A, Monte AA, Subudhi AW, Lovering AT, Dvorkin D, Julian CG, Kevil CG, Kolluru GK, Shiva S, Gladwin MT, Xia Y, Hansen KC, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: Red Blood Cell Metabolic Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia. J Proteome Res. 2016 Oct 7;15(10):3883-3895. PubMed PMID: 27646145
• Liu H, Zhang Y, Wu H, D'Alessandro A, Yegutkin GG, Song A, Sun K, Li J, Cheng NY, Huang A, Edward Wen Y, Weng TT, Luo F, Nemkov T, Sun H, Kellems RE, Karmouty-Quintana H, Hansen KC, Zhao B, Subudhi AW, Jameson-Van Houten S, Julian CG, Lovering AT, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR, Roach RC, Xia Y. Beneficial Role of Erythrocyte Adenosine A2B Receptor-Mediated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in High-Altitude Hypoxia. Circulation. 2016 Aug 2;134(5):405-21. PubMed PMID: 27482003
• Sun K, Zhang Y, D'Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Song A, Wu H, Liu H, Adebiyi M, Huang A, Wen YE, Bogdanov MV, Vila A, O'Brien J, Kellems RE, Dowhan W, Subudhi AW, Jameson-Van Houten S, Julian CG, Lovering AT, Safo M, Hansen KC, Roach RC, Xia Y. Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes erythrocyte glycolysis and oxygen release for adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Nat Commun. 2016 Jul 15;7:12086. PubMed PMID: 27417539
• Fan JL, Subudhi AW, Duffin J, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: Resetting of Cerebrovascular CO2 Reactivity Following Acclimatization to High Altitude. Front Physiol. 2016 Jan 8;6:394. PubMed PMID: 26779030
• Lawley JS, Levine BD, Williams MA, Malm J, Eklund A, Polaner DM, Subudhi AW, Hackett PH, Roach RC. Cerebral spinal fluid dynamics: effect of hypoxia and implications for high-altitude illness. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Jan 15;120(2):251-62. PubMed PMID: 26494441
• Lawley JS, Levine BD, Williams MA, Malm J, Eklund A, Polaner DM, Subudhi AW, Hackett PH, Roach RC. Cerebral spinal fluid dynamics: effect of hypoxia and implications for high-altitude illness. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Jan 15;120(2):251-62. PubMed PMID: 26494441
• Fan JL, Subudhi AW, Duffin J, Lovering AT, Roach RC, Kayser B. AltitudeOmics: Resetting of Cerebrovascular CO2 Reactivity Following Acclimatization to High Altitude. Front Physiol. 2015;6:394. PubMed PMID: 26779030
• Subudhi AW, Grajzel K, Langolf RJ, Roach RC, Panerai RB, Davis JE. Cerebral autoregulation index at high altitude assessed by thigh-cuff and transfer function analysis techniques. Exp Physiol. 2015 Feb 1;100(2):173-81. PubMed PMID: 25480158
• Elliott JE, Laurie SS, Kern JP, Beasley KM, Goodman RD, Kayser B, Subudhi AW, Roach RC, Lovering AT. AltitudeOmics: impaired pulmonary gas exchange efficiency and blunted ventilatory acclimatization in humans with patent foramen ovale after 16 days at 5,260 m. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 May 1;118(9):1100-12. PubMed PMID: 25678698
• Roach RC, Wagner PD, Kayser B, Hackett PH. Translation in progress: Hypoxia 2015. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Nov 15;119(10):1127-8. PubMed PMID: 26338459
• High altitude medicine and physiology. Chapter 35, In Lung Function, 7th Edition, Edited by J. E. Cotes, D. J. Chinn, and M. R. Miller.
• Subudhi A, Bucher J, Bourdillon N, et al. AltitudeOmics: The Integrative Physiology of the Onset and Retention of Acclimatization to Hypoxia in Humans. PLOS One 2014.
• Roach RC, Wagner PD, Hackett P. Translation in Progress: Hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Feb 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24557798
• Goodall S, Twomey R, Amann M, Ross EZ, Lovering AT, Romer LM, Subudhi AW, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: Exercise-induced supraspinal fatigue is attenuated in healthy humans after acclimatisation to high altitude. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2014 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24450855
• Subudhi AW, Fan JL, Evero O, Bourdillon N, Kayser B, Julian CG, Lovering AT, Panerai RB, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: Cerebral autoregulation during ascent, acclimatization, and re-exposure to high altitude and its relation with acute mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Dec 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24371013
• Fan JL, Subudhi AW, Evero O, Bourdillon N, Kayser B, Lovering AT, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: Enhanced cerebrovascular reactivity and ventilatory response to CO2 with high altitude acclimatisation and re-exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24356520
• Julian CG, Subudhi AW, Hill RC, Wilson MJ, Dimmen AC, Hansen KC, Roach RC. Exploratory proteomic analysis of hypobaric hypoxia and acute mountain sickness and in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24265281
• Subudhi AW, Fan JL, Evero O, Bourdillon N, Kayser B, Julian CG, Lovering AT, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: Effect of ascent and acclimatization to 5260 m on regional cerebral oxygen delivery. Exp Physiol. 2013 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24243839
• Amann M, Goodall S, Twomey R, Subudhi AW, Lovering AT, Roach RC. AltitudeOmics: on the consequences of high-altitude acclimatization for the development of fatigue during locomotor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Sep 1;115(5):634-42. PubMed PMID: 23813531
• ALTITUDEOMICS: EFFECT OF HIGH ALTITUDE ACCLIMATISATION AND SUBSEQUENT RE-EXPOSURE ON CEREBROVASCULAR FUNCTION AND VENTILATORY CONTROL. Ju Li Fan et al. Under review, Journal of Applied Physiology.
• ALTITUDEOMICS: REDUCED BLOOD FLOW THROUGH INTRAPULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES FOLLOWING 16 DAYS OF ACCLIMATIZATION TO 5300M. Jon Elliot et al. Under review, Journal of Applied Physiology.
• ALTITUDEOMICS: Preservation of cerebral oxygen delivery at high altitude. A Subudhi. Under review, Journal of Applied Physiology.
• ALTITUDEOMICS: The Integrative Physiology of Human Acclimatization to Hypoxia. Nero Evero et al.
• ALTITUDEOMICS: Corticomotor responses to fatiguing locomotor exercise after acclimatisation to high altitude. Stuart Goodall1 et al. Under review, Journal of Physiology.
• ALTITUDEOMICS: On the consequences of high altitude acclimatization for the development of fatigue during locomotor exercise in humans. Ammann et al. Under review, Journal of Physiology.
• Asgari S, Gonzalez N, Subudhi AW, Hamilton R, Vespa P, Bergsneider M, Roach RC, Hu X. Continuous detection of cerebral vasodilatation and vasoconstriction using intracranial pulse morphological template matching. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050795. Epub 2012 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 23226385; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3511284.
• Olin JT, Dimmen AC, Subudhi AW, Roach RC. A simple method to clamp end-tidal carbon dioxide during rest and exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Sep;112(9):3439-44. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2433-6. Epub 2012 Jun 27. PubMed PMID: 22736248.
• Julian CG, Subudhi AW, Wilson MJ, Dimmen AC, Pecha T, Roach RC. Acute Mountain Sickness, Inflammation and Permeability: New Insights from a Blood Biomarker Study. Under review: Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Julian CG, Subudhi AW, Wilson MJ, et al. Exploration of proteomic methods to understand acute mountain sickness (AMS) and human response to hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology (In Review) 2011.
• Olin JT, Dimmen AC, Subudhi AW, Roach RC. Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation at maximal exercise: the effect of clamping carbon dioxide. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011;175:176-80.
• Olin JT, Subudhi A, Dimmen AC, Roach RC. A Novel Method to Clamp End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide at Rest and During Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (In Review) 2011.
• Subudhi A, Olin JT, Dimmen AC, Polaner D, Kayser B, Roach RC. Does cerebral blood flow limit maximal aerobic power output? Journal of Applied Physiology (In Review) 2011.
• Subudhi AW, Dimmen AC, Julian CG, Wilson MJ, Panerai RB, Roach RC. Effects of acetazolamide and dexamethasone on cerebral hemodynamics in hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Asgari S, Subudhi AW, Roach RC, Liebeskind DS, Bergsneider M, Hu X. An extended model of intracranial latency facilitates non-invasive detection of cerebrovascular changes. J Neurosci Methods 2011.
• Browne VA, Toledo-Jaldin L, Davila RD, et al. High end-arteriolar resistance limits uterine artery blood flow and restricts fetal growth in preeclampsia and gestational hypertension at high altitude. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011.
• Ezzati M, Horwitz ME, Thomas DS, et al. Altitude, life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD and cancers: national population-based analysis of US counties. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011.
• Hackett PH, Roach RC. High-Altitude Medicine. In: Auerbach PA, ed. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. NYC: Elservier; 2011.
• Wilson MJ, Julian CG, Roach RC. Genomic Analysis of High-Altitude Adaptation: Innovations and Implications. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2011;10:59-61.
• Asgari S, Subudhi AW, Roach RC, Liebeskind DS, Bergsneider M, Hu X. An extended model of intracranial latency facilitates non-invasive detection of cerebrovascular changes. J Neurosci Methods 2011.
• Browne VA, Toledo-Jaldin L, Davila RD, Lopez LP, Yamashiro H, Cioffi-Ragan D, Julian CG, Wilson MJ, Bigham AW, Shriver MD, Honigman B, Vargas E, Roach R, Moore LG. High-end arteriolar resistance limits uterine artery blood flow and restricts fetal growth in preeclampsia and gestational hypertension at high altitude. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011;300:R1221-9.
• Ezzati M, Horwitz MEM, Thomas DSK, Friedman AB, Roach R, Clark T, Murray CJL, Honigman B. Altitude, life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD and cancers: national population-based analysis of US counties. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2011.
• Hackett PH, Roach RC. High-Altitude Medicine. In: Auerbach PA, ed. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. NYC: Elservier; 2011.
• Julian CG, Subudhi AW, Wilson MJ, Dimmen AC, Pecha T, Roach RC. Acute Mountain Sickness, Inflammation and Permeability: New Insights from a Blood Biomarker Study. Under review: Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Julian CG, Subudhi AW, Wilson MJ, Hill R, Hansen K, Dimmen AC, Roach RC. Exploration of proteomic methods to understand acute mountain sickness (AMS) and human response to hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Olin JT, Dimmen AC, Subudhi AW, Roach RC. Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation at maximal exercise: the effect of clamping carbon dioxide. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011;175:176-80.
• Olin JT, Subudhi A, Dimmen AC, Roach RC. A Novel Method to Clamp End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide at Rest and During Exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Roach R, Kayser B, Hackett P. Pro: Headache should be a required symptom for the diagnosis of acute mountain sickness. High Alt Med Biol 2011;12:21-2.
• Subudhi A, Olin JT, Dimmen AC, Polaner D, Kayser B, Roach RC. Does cerebral blood flow limit maximal aerobic power output? Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Subudhi AW, Dimmen AC, Julian CG, Wilson MJ, Panerai RB, Roach RC. Effects of acetazolamide and dexamethasone on cerebral hemodynamics in hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011.
• Wilson MJ, Julian CG, Roach RC. Genomic Analysis of High-Altitude Adaptation: Innovations and Implications. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2011;10:59-61.
• Imray C, Wright A, Subudhi A, Roach R. Acute mountain sickness: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010;52:467-84.
• Subudhi, A.W., Panerai, R.B. & Roach, R.C. Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on cerebral autoregulation. Stroke 41, 641-646 (2010).
• Subudhi AW, Panerai RB, Roach RC. Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on cerebral autoregulation. Stroke 2010;41:641-6.
• van Patot, M.C.T. et al. Enhanced leukocyte HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 DNA binding in humans after rapid ascent to 4300 m. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 46, 1551-1557 (2009).
• Subudhi, A.W., Miramon, B.R., Granger, M.E. & Roach, R.C. Frontal and motor cortex oxygenation during maximal exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 106, 1153-1158 (2009).
• Subudhi, A.W., Panerai, R.B. & Roach, R.C. Acute hypoxia impairs dynamic cerebral autoregulation: results from two independent techniques. J Appl Physiol 107, 1165-71 (2009).
• Hu, X. et al. Inferring cerebrovascular changes from latencies of systemic and intracranial pulses: a model-based latency subtraction algorithm. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 29, 688-697 (2009).
• Heine, M., Subudhi, A.W. & Roach, R.C. Effect of ventilation on cerebral oxygenation during exercise: Insights from canonical correlation. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 166, 125-128 (2009).